Editor's Note: This article was written in the Spring of 2024 and thus refers to the summer of 2024.
At the heart of the Jewish American experience lies Jewish summer camp. Serving as an escape from the real world, tens of thousands of Jewish kids, summer after summer, return to the outdoors, free of parental supervision. While camp sessions tend to be longer at Jewish camps than at secular camps, there is very little difference between the activities offered. However, Jewish camps are places where kids learn to explore what Judaism means to them. Campers live in an immersively Jewish environment where they gain Jewish role models and Jewish friends. Jewish summer camp teaches kids to love being Jewish and how to be active participants in maintaining Jewish traditions.
At a picturesque camp in Washington state, at the start of each session, campers are greeted at the gates by enthusiastic counselors — many of whom were once campers themselves — saying “welcome home” to every camper that arrives. At Kalsman, every morning starts with a camp-wide Boker Tov — good morning — as everyone sings along to Modeh Ani. This traditional Jewish morning prayer expresses gratitude for waking up and is accompanied by a guitar and choreographed stretches. Then, campers sit down for breakfast at long tables with their cabinmates and counselors in the Ḣadar Ochel — dining hall. After breakfast, campers sing the Birkat HaMazon — the traditional post-meal prayer — before jumping straight into a long and active day, with the entire camp partaking in Morning Shira, the first of the day’s post-meal song and dance sessions. Campers then return to their cabins for Nikayon — chores — before parting from their cabin-mates to go to their self-selected Chugim — electives — until lunch. After lunch, everyone joins in learning the choreography of that summer’s song before returning to various activities. The camp comes back together in the evening for t-filah — daily prayers — in the outdoor sanctuary with pine trees towering overhead before returning to the Ḣadar Ochel for a family-style dinner, followed by evening Shira. Before returning to cabins for bed, each unit gathers for Lilah Tov — goodnight — where everyone stands and sways in a circle, arms wrapped around each other, singing the traditional bedtime prayers, accompanied by a guitar. Campers return to their cabins exhausted but fulfilled, coming back summer after summer and cherishing the memories made at camp.¹
While Jewish summer camps are similar to their secular counterparts in many ways, one thing that sets Jewish camps apart is the presence of young Israeli counselors. In the summer of 2023, over 1,500 Israelis, called shlichim — emissaries — worked at close to 200 camps in North America, often fresh from the Israeli Defense Force (IDF).² While some camps call their Israeli delegation mishlachat — sending — shlichim, and mishlachat are, today, both predominantly matched with their camps through the Jewish Agency for Israel (JAFI), which also facilitates some pre-camp training.³ Even though the existence of shlichim predated the state of Israel, up until the ‘60s, shlichim were mostly at Zionist summer camps like Habonim Dror’s socialist kibbutzim camps.⁴ However, once Zionism started to become part of the various denominations’ core tenets, shlichim began working at a broader array of Jewish camps, including denominational ones, like the Conservative Ramah camps and the Union for Reform Judaism’s (URJ) camps, among others.⁵ As explicitly Zionist camps started to lose popularity due to the increase in “helicopter parents” who expected the haphazardly run camps to have credentials and higher safety standards than they did, denominational camps grew in popularity.⁶ Throughout this time, the shlichim have become a defining part of Jewish summer camps, promoting Israel to their campers whilst simultaneously contributing to the overly simplistic and minimizing narrative many Jews were taught about Israel’s treatment of Palestinians and potentially even spreading Israeli propaganda. This paper will explore how, over the last 50 years, the shlichim have been intentionally used to strengthen the Israeli state’s relationship with the diaspora and ensure Jewish children in the diaspora are raised with a pro-Israel narrative.
Many young Jewish adults who grew up in Zionist institutions, however, have started to push back against the popular liberal Zionist narrative that, for many years, taught kids almost nothing about Palestine. For much of the late 1900s, when teaching about Israel, camps focused not on the relationship between Israel and Palestine but instead on teaching kids aspects of Israeli culture, like song and dance. While some families independently choose to educate their children about the more complicated history, some leave it up to Jewish institutions. Gila Ariely, a shlicha, told the Jewish Federation that “parents often rely on camps being their source of knowledge of all things Israel. As a shlicha, our role is so important because we have the opportunity to shape or reshape someone’s view of Israel.”⁷ Thus, if camps teach a one-sided narrative, children are misinformed and are less receptive to other viewpoints. One Jewish parent who grew up going to camp describes what her Israel education was, saying that as a camper and even counselor, the narrative was “that Israel was quintessential to Jewish identity and peoplehood.”⁸ Then, even more alarmingly, the author details what she never learned growing up. This includes the Nakba and how, in establishing the state of Israel, over 700,000 Palestinians were forcefully removed, and thousands of Palestinians were killed.⁹ It’s also never taught that while many celebrate Yom Haatzmaut — Israel’s Independence Day — millions of Palestinians spend the day in mourning.¹⁰ Lastly, the author talks about how there was never any information shared about Zionism’s sustained oppression of Palestinians since even before 1948.¹¹ Instead, kids are taught that feeling a connection to Israel is an essential part of Judaism and that the modern state of Israel is the rightful home for Jews, an extremely harmful rhetoric to believe unquestioningly. Jewish kids are raised to aggressively fear anyone who might be perceived as a threat to the existence of the Jewish people and are told a version of history where in the war between Israel and Palestine, Israel is the victim, and words like Intifada are synonymous with antisemitism.¹² Another parent believes that the approach to teaching about Israel and Palestine “has been disastrous.”¹³ While kids learn about Israeli food, Israeli dance, and Israeli music from their Israeli counselors, they are also being fed hasbara – Israeli state-sponsored propaganda – and told to repeat it as talking points to defend Israel.¹⁴ While for many years, camps exclusively dispensed hasbara, younger generations of parents have started to advocate for camps and other Zionist institutions to teach Jewish children the truth and for Palestine to no longer be neglected.
A common activity from the ‘60s until the early ‘00s, introduced by the shlichim, were games where campers simulated immigrating to Palestine where the Jewish immigrants were the “good guys” and anyone else, particularly Palestinians, were the “bad guys.” In 1964, at Habonim Dror’s socialist-Zionist camp Habonim Midwest in Michigan, a counselor wrote in the camp newspaper that during a 24-hour simulation, campers had to be “poor defenseless Jews trying to get to Israel” under the British Mandate.¹⁵ As the campers tried to reach their goal, counselors, pretending to be “British soldiers and dense Arab rabble-rousers,” tried to block them.¹⁶ The game would end with the Jews going from their “poor” position in Europe to “home, proceeding to build their kibbutz” before being lulled to sleep by “a wonderfully told tale of Israeli heroism.”¹⁷ This sort of simulation is a perfect example of the early Zionist idea that the “New Israeli Jew” was superior to the “Old Diaspora Jew.” Once the campers left Europe and made it to Palestine and made their home there, they got to transform from “poor” to “heroic.” Games like these were not exclusive to the ‘60s, though. With iterations spreading from shlichim to new generations of campers and counselors, by 2002, at Camp Young Judaea, “migrating to Palestine” became a pool game.¹⁸ Campers had to swim across the pool to their “homeland” while dodging counselors who represented “Arabs” and “British soldiers.”¹⁹ Through games like these, children learned that when it comes to Israel and Palestine, the “good guys” are the Jews. Games like these were blatantly encouraging campers to make aliyah – ascent or immigrate to Israel. Many shlichim are IDF veterans and have introduced various activities over the years that glorify and even promote the IDF. It is important to note that all Israelis are required to serve in the IDF. The Israeli government-affiliated agencies that send shlichim create centralized Israel-related programming and guidelines for activities they send with all of the shlichim. While many mainstream camps have shifted away from IDF-inspired games, they were incredibly prevalent for many years. One example, which angered so many parents that the camp movements have gotten rid of it, is the mock IDF boot camp that was popular at both URJ and Ramah camps. According to Jewish Newspaper The Forward,
"Israeli counselors would take their charges into an open field, or maybe an obstacle course, and make them respond to commands in Hebrew. Campers would be ordered to stand still at attention, or to march in formation, or to do army crawls. Those who disobeyed orders had to do push ups. One counselor working at a camp this summer remembered, as a camper, holding sticks meant to represent guns, rounding the corner of a ga-ga pit to try to launch a surprise attack and getting sprayed with a SuperSoaker for not being sufficiently sneaky."²⁰
While camps claimed that the goal of this activity was so that campers could learn about what their Jewish peers across the world would be doing when they turned 18, it also gave the shlichim even more of a platform to spread what many have said is pro-IDF propaganda.²¹ In 2016, a YouTube promotional video for New York’s Orthodox camp, entitled “Camp Mesorah IDF Training,” gained a tremendous amount of traction.²² In the advertisement, kids wear IDF shirts and camouflage attire as they go through a rope and obstacle course with monkey bars, swing across ropes, and fight each other with black paintball guns as a counselor watches in what appears to be an army uniform, with an intense action soundtrack playing. The video ends with a shot of the Israeli flag blowing in the wind with the words “Enlist Now” before the screen changes to read “Camp Mesorah: The Jewish Sports Camp.”²³ After much criticism, the camp’s co-directors shared that the counselor who runs the camp’s “IDF Training Paintball” program is Israeli but claimed many other camps have similar activities.²⁴ According to Shaul Magid, this blatantly glorifying endorsement of the IDF is representative of the current intensely pro-Israel ideology in Modern Orthodox communities.²⁵ The intense amount of pro-IDF propaganda in this video, coupled with the intensely one-sided pro-Israel perspectives present in Modern Orthodoxy, shows how limited their knowledge is. The pro-IDF indoctrination of campers is not restricted to games; at some camps, the shlichim plan a whole day of activities promoting the IDF. Called Yom Tzahal — IDF Day — shlichim put on their IDF uniforms and show campers what a day in basic training looks like.²⁶
Rabbi Josh Weinberg, Executive Director of the Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA), believes that IDF day has a lot of potential to help campers understand what life is like in Israel and has the potential “not to glorify militarization but rather to enter into controversial, provocative, and nuanced conversations.”²⁷ However, right now, the information that many young Jewish campers have about Israel and Palestine is from a Zionist institution or even their shlichim, and they have been denied the historically accurate education to engage in a genuinely productive conversation. Weinberg then goes on to say, “It is important to note that the IDF plays a major role in Israeli society. It’s impossible to understand Israel without exposure to the IDF. If we are bringing young Israeli shlichim from Israel to be at our camps, how can we expect them not to speak about the last three years of their lives?”²⁸ While the IDF does play a significant role in Israeli society, it is immoral to be actively promoting a notably cruel and propaganda-heavy military without ensuring that campers are aware of the entire truth.²⁹ The shlichim undoubtedly have a significant influence on their campers, so giving them this much of an unadulterated pro-IDF platform could be considered indoctrination until campers learn about the Nakba and brutalities of occupation, as well.
At many camps, shlichim are responsible for the day-long celebration known as Yom Israel – Israel day – designed to learn about Israeli culture, but often also with a slightly militaristic twist. At Ramah in the Rockies, campers reflected on their Israel day in a brief journal entry, saying that,
"Today was Yom Yisrael and we are writing about basic Israeli army training. We split into two teams for our mission: Intelligence and Retrieval. Our mission was to retrieve a package guarded by a counselor (madrich). Intelligence located the package as retrieval snuck through the woods to find it. Finally we got the package and saw that it was full of cookies. We crunched the cookies and talked about our victory. It was a lot of fun!"³⁰
By taking a day that is promoted as a day to learn about culture, but instead just teaching kids about the IDF, the shlichim are contributing. According to Brandeis professor Jonathan Krasner, Jewish camps “would prefer to show Israel as a kind of ideal Israel as opposed to a real Israel, as a place that is an amazing place, but also a place that has its challenges. And I don’t think camps are so interested in getting into challenges.”³¹ Krasner’s explanation shows why military service is so heavily emphasized as a critical aspect of Israeli culture while, at the same time, there is little to no talk about Israel’s crimes against Palestinians. An American counselor at a Jewish camp found that it was pretty challenging to effectively foster campers’ connections to Israel while simultaneously providing any amount of nuance. She credits the shlichim for being what helps campers develop connections with Israel, saying that their mere presence at camp and the tight bonds they make with campers are incredibly effective.³² In a URJ blog post, they wrote about the experience of bringing Israeli counselors to camp and how at many URJ camps today, the shlichim organize a less militaristic Israel day “where campers learn about the geography and history of Israel, traditional games like ‘Kadima,’ and other topics.”³³ Additionally, the blog post shares how learning about Israeli culture is not limited to Israel Day, but at some camps, each shlichim teaches campers a new Hebrew word or phrase every day, and camps find many ways to incorporate daily Hebrew.³⁴ While the URJ has shifted away from the more militaristic rhetoric that is more common at Ramah camps, the shlichim are responsible at many camps for deciding what narrative about Israeli culture to share, which often results in shlichim talking about the IDF, as that was usually the entirety of their life in the three years before being a shlichim.
The shlichim undoubtedly play a defining role in their campers’ lives, for better or for worse, serving as their campers’ Jewish role models. In 2014, a URJ alum, Leor Mann, wrote a blog post entitled “How Jewish Summer Camp Prepared Me for the Israeli Army.” When he wrote the post, he shared that he is six months into his service and has noticed that some aspects of the army, like communal dining and the living situation, are pretty similar to his camp experience.³⁵ Mann writes that,
"I was truly fortunate that as I was growing up at camp, I was also exposed to great Israeli role models every summer. For more than 10 years, my family hosted the camp’s Israeli mishlachat (delegation), who stayed at my house before and after camp season. As I grew older, I formed strong friendships with many of the mishlachat members, some of whom I now consider family. Having the opportunity to connect with them and hear their stories strengthened my decision to make the journey to defend the way of life they so passionately expressed to us. In secondary school and university, I learned about the moral and existential realities for the creation and continued existence of Israel – but without the personal connections, I don’t know if my decision would have been the same."³⁶
Even though Mann claims that he learned about the “realities” of Israel’s existence, he nonetheless, as a Canadian, enlisted in the IDF, something Mann said he is unsure he would have done without the shlichim he got to know. Mann’s experience certainly is not unique, though. JAFI’s website proudly boasts about how one shlicha, Natalie, decided to become a shlicha during her time in the IDF, saying she “met a group of lone soldiers who told me about a Shlicha they met that inspired them to make Aliyah and join the IDF…And I wanted to be that person, that motivational Shlicha, for others.”³⁷ This story shows how Natalie is just as uneducated as many campers are and is just like many other Israelis, whose knowledge of Israel’s actions towards Palestinians remains quite limited. In Colorado, an administrator at a JCC camp shared her observations that “Being Jewish and living in Israel are big ideas. By bringing in Israeli staff, we learn about daily life in their country, we find what we have in common, and we teach concrete ideas of what Israel is and why it is important for Jewish people.”³⁸ Through their relationships with campers, shlichim are one of the main bridges between America’s Jewish Diaspora and the Israeli state and are uniquely situated to control the narrative their campers believe about Israel.
Another significant impact of having shlichim be campers’ reference point for all things Israel is that the Israeli education system teaches a particular fear-based narrative, heavily emphasizing the belief that Jewish safety is reliant on the existence of an explicitly Jewish state in the land of Israel. An op-ed written by a shlicha gives insight into the kinds of rhetoric that many Jewish kids are being exposed to when she writes,
"Yet here you have one tiny, Jewish state that gets all the attention when it comes to how it treats people. Many believe Israel is the cause of all the problems in the world, as if all of the world’s problems began only 63 years ago. The world press, from my point of view, is very one-sided when focusing on Israel. This leads people around the world to create a strong opinion about a country that they, in fact, know very little about. Delegitimization of the state of Israel is not a new phenomenon. What is new is the fact that, instead of being a target only for Arab nations and third-world countries, people from Western countries now oppose Israel’s existence. What troubles me most is that some of these Israel opponents are Jews. The state of Israel wasn’t born from the Holocaust. It is actually the opposite: the Holocaust happened because we didn’t have a Jewish state to protect our people."³⁹
The rhetoric this op-ed spreads is an incredibly harmful and inaccurate perception of the world and is a perfect example of how deep hasbara runs. By spreading the idea that any sort of criticism of Israel is because Israel is a Jewish state, the author is showing Israel’s intense victim complex. As her piece continues, the author spouts even more Israeli propaganda, claiming the press is against Israel.
While different camps teach campers varying narratives about Israel and Palestine, the bond between shlichim and campers is one of immense trust. The URJ proudly advertises that “The relationships formed between campers and Israeli counselors often lasts well after camp has ended. These connections lead to lifelong friendships, visits to Israel, and further engagement with Jewish and Israeli culture.”⁴⁰ The relationship with the shlichim and the reliance upon them being the expert on Israel means that Jewish American kids are being taught a heavily doctored and propagandized narrative that minimizes or entirely ignores the decades of suffering Palestinians have experienced at the hands of Israel. The frequent dissemination of Israeli propaganda by shlichim does nothing but teach Jewish kids to fear the rest of the world. This coming summer, as shlichim disperse across America, including many fresh from war, Jewish camps will truly be put to the test now that the world has finally awoken to the horror that is Israel’s treatment of Palestinians. Aside from a select few left-wing camps, most of America’s Jewish camps have solely focused on October 7th and the hostages, with little mention of Palestinian suffering before and in the aftermath of October 7th. Moreover, they fail to acknowledge the interconnectedness of both Jewish and Palestinian liberation in their emails and other communications, which has distressed some parents.⁴¹ While it is unknown what this summer will hold, it is possible that Krasner’s observations about the 2014 Gaza conflict could repeat themselves as camps declare blanket support for Israel and its army because “camp is supposed to be fun and magical…and war doesn’t fit.”⁴² While one possibility is camps continuing to exist in a warless bubble, it seems highly unlikely, given the ADL’s recent intense condemnation of anti-zionism as antisemitism and announcement that the ADL is going to work with shlichim to fight against antisemitism by connecting Jews to Israel.⁴³ In a press release, the chairman of The Jewish Agency said, “Our shlichim are helping young American Jews be proud of their identities and feel a unique bond with Israel and we are proud to partner with the world's leading anti-hate organization to do everything we can to further those objectives.”⁴⁴ In an open letter to Jewish camps, a parent wrote, “Unlike our children, the children in Gaza don’t have the chance to attend camp, to take swim lessons or learn violin. They aren’t spending their days in school or running around on playgrounds. They are experiencing severe trauma amid a humanitarian crisis that will change the course of their lives and the lives of generations after them. We, as Jews, are devastated as we watch our people create and sustain these conditions.”⁴⁵ This summer, Jewish camps will be welcoming IDF soldiers, including some fresh from fighting in Gaza, and each camp will either pass the test of acknowledging the humanity of Palestinians or they will listen to the ADL’s racist and anti-Palestinian rhetoric.
Jewish American summer camps are both a beautiful part of diaspora Judaism, but through the shlichim, they have become a way the Israeli government disperses propaganda to the diaspora. As Zionism spread through the reform and conservative movements, young Israelis started working as shlichim. They built a bridge between Jewish American summer camps and global Jewry but also the Israeli government and its propaganda. Tasked with fostering campers’ connection to Israel, shlichim became the experts on Israel. However, the narrative that Zionism and Jewish summer camps push is simplistic, if not wholly historically inaccurate. Because of the close bond between shlichim and their campers, a militaristic love of Israel was ingrained into summer camps through the gamification of immigration with the purpose of state-building and the IDF. Even though the support of the current state of Israel is not an inherently Jewish value, the Israeli government has been able to use the trust between campers and shlichim to strengthen its relationship with the American Jewish diaspora.
Footnotes:
1. This paragraph does not have any citations, as it is about the summer camp I went to growing up. It felt important to include a personal narrative to explain why I love and value Jewish summer camp. I hope that this paper can be a step towards repairing Jewish summer camps, because right now, Jewish institutions and camps are doing the world a gross injustice by not being on the right side of history. In order to make any progress towards a free Palestine and uphold the Jewish value of tikkun olam, Jewish institutions have a moral responsibility to teach kids the truth about Israel and Palestine.
2. Jewish Federations of North America, “Jewish Federations Welcome 1,500 Jewish Agency Summer Shlichim from Israel,” FedBeat, July 27, 2023, https://www.jewishfederations.org/fedworld/jewish-federations-welcome-1500-jewish-agency-summer-shlichim-from-israel.
3. Alan Rosenbaum, “The Jewish Agency Summer Shlichut Program,” The Jerusalem Post, August 24, 2023, https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-755989.
4. Aiden Pink, “What Jewish Camps Taught Your Kids About Israel This Summer,” The Jewish Daily Forward, August 5, 2018, https://forward.com/news/406175/what-jewish-camps-taught-your-kids-about-israel-this-summer/.
5. Tal Beery, “The History of Secular Zionist Summer Camps,” My Jewish Learning, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/secular-zionist-summer-camps/.
6. Beery, “The History.”
7. Jewish Federations of North America, “Jewish Federations Welcome.”
8. Anonymous, “Dear Jewish Summer Camps: It's Time to Tell Our Children the Truth about Israel and Palestine,” The Jewish Daily Forward, February 18, 2024, https://forward.com/opinion/583920/jewish-summer-camps-israel-palestine-war/.
9. “The Nakba did not start or end in 1948,” Al Jazeera, May 23, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/23/the-nakba-did-not-start-or-end-in-1948.
10. Anonymous, “Dear Jewish.”
11. Anonymous, “Dear Jewish.”
12. Josephine Abraham Riesman, “The Incomplete Education of American Jews,” Vox, May 27, 2021, https://www.vox.com/22455044/american-jewish-education-israel-palestine.
13. Riesman, “The Incomplete.”
14. Riesman, “The Incomplete.”
15. Sandra Fox, “Role-Playing Games at Jewish Summer Camps,” the revealer, June 13, 2023, https://therevealer.org/role-playing-games-at-jewish-summer-camps/.
16. Fox, “Role-Playing.”
17. Fox, “Role-Playing.”
18. Fox, “Role-Playing.”
19. Fox, “Role-Playing.”
20. Pink, “What Jewish Camps Taught.”
21. Pink, “What Jewish Camps Taught.”
22. Rachel Benaim, “Summer Camp Promotes IDF-Style Training Program for Youth,” Tablet, November 3, 2016, https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/summer-camp-promotes-idf-style-training-program-for-youth.
23. “Camp Mesorah IDF Training,” Video, 01:19, YouTube, Posted by Camp Mesorah, October 25, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBreoUwUPd0.
24. Benaim, “Summer Camp Promotes.”
25. Benaim, “Summer Camp Promotes.”
26. Josh Weinberg, “Israel at Camp – Part III – The Mishlachat,” ARZA, August 13, 2021, https://arza.org/israel-at-camp-part-iii-the-mishlachat/.
27. Weinberg, “Israel at Camp.”
28. Weinberg, “Israel at Camp.”
29. Rami Khouri, “The Dozen Ds That Drive Israel’s Propaganda,” Arab Center Washington DC, Apr 17, 2024, https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-dozen-ds-that-drive-israels-propaganda/.
30. “Thoughts on Yom Yisrael from Our Chalutzim,” Ramah in the Rockies Director's Blog, Entry posted July 8, 2012, https://www.ramahoutdoors.org/2012/07/thoughts-on-yom-yisrael-from-our-chalutzim/.
31. Pink, “What Jewish Camps Taught.”
32. Pink, “What Jewish Camps Taught.”
33. Rachel Handloff, “We Bring You Peace: Bringing Israeli Counselors to Camp,” Union for Reform Judaism (blog), Entry posted July 10, 2023, https://reformjudaism.org/blog/we-bring-you-peace-bringing-israeli-counselors-camp.
34. Handloff, “We Bring.”
35. Leor Mann, “How Jewish Summer Camp Prepared Me for the Israeli Army,” Union for Reform Judaism (blog), Entry posted November 12, 2014, https://reformjudaism.org/blog/how-jewish-summer-camp-prepared-me-israeli-army.
36. Mann, “How Jewish.”
37. “Coming Together at Summer Camp,” The Jewish Agency for Israel, https://www.jewishagency.org/coming-together-at-summer-camp/.
38. “Young Israeli Emissaries Enrich the Lives of Colorado Campers,” Jewish Colorado, July 28, 2023, https://www.jewishcolorado.org/young-israeli-emissaries-enrich-the-lives-of-colorado-campers/.
39. The Kansas City Jewish Chronicle, “Sadly, We Need to Justify Israel's Existence,” December 1, 2011, https://www.kcjc.com/opinions/archived-opinion/813-sadly-we-need-to-justify-israels-existence.
40. Handloff, “We Bring.”
41. Anonymous, “Dear Jewish.”
42. Pink, “What Jewish Camps Taught.”
43. Anti-Defamation League, “ADL and The Jewish Agency for Israel Forge Partnership to Counter Antisemitism,” News release, January 31, 2024, https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-and-jewish-agency-israel-forge-partnership-counter-antisemitism.
44. Anti-Defamation League, “ADL and.”
45. Anonymous, “Dear Jewish.
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